The IRAC Mode of Action Classification of Insecticides

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• 1 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors
• 2 GABA-gated chloride channel blockers
• 3 Sodium channel modulators
• 4 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulators
• 5 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulators – Site I
• 6 Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulators
• 7 Juvenile hormone receptor modulators
• 8 Miscellaneous non-specific (multi-site) inhibitors
• 9 Chordotonal Organ TRPV Channel Modulators
• 10 Mite growth inhibitors affecting CHS1
• 11 Microbial disruptors of insect midgut membranes
• 12 Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase
• 13 Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of the proton gradient
• 14 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) channel blockers
• 15 Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis affecting CHS1
• 16 Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 1
• 17 Moulting disruptor, Dipteran
• 18 Ecdysone receptor agonists
• 19 Octopamine receptor agonists
• 20 Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors – Qo site
• 21 Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors
• 22 Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers
• 23 Inhibitors of acetyl-CoA carboxylase
• 24 Mitochondrial complex IV electron transport inhibitors
• 25 Mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors
• 28 Ryanodine receptor modulators
• 29 Chordotonal organ nicotinamidase inhibitors
• 30 GABA-gated chloride channel allosteric modulators
• 31 Baculoviruses
• 32 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR) Allosteric Modulators – Site II
• 33 Calcium‐activated potassium channel (KCa2) modulators
• 34 Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors – Qi site
• 35 RNA Interference mediated target suppressors
• 36 Chordotonal organ modulators – undefined target site
• 37 Vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) inhibitor
• UN Compounds of unknown or uncertain MoA
• UNB Bacterial agents (non-Bt) of unknown or uncertain MoA
• UNE Botanical essence including synthetic, extracts and unrefined oils with unknown or uncertain MoA
• UNF Fungal agents of unknown or uncertain MoA
• UNM Non-specific mechanical and physical disruptors
• UNP Peptides of unknown or uncertain MoA
• UNV Viral agents (non-baculovirus) of unknown or uncertain MoA

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Known insecticide-associated Target Site Mutations

Effective IRM strategies: Sequences or alternations of MoA

Effective insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategies seek to minimise the selection of resistance to any one type of insecticide.  In practice, alternations, sequences or rotations of compounds from different MoA groups provide sustainable and effective IRM.  Applications are often arranged into MoA spray windows or blocks that are defined by the stage of crop development and the biology of the lepidopteran species of concern.  Local expert advice should always be followed with regard to spray windows and timing.  Several sprays may be possible within each spray window, but it is generally essential that successive generations of the pest are not treated with compounds from the same MoA group.  Metabolic resistance mechanisms may give cross-resistance between MoA groups; where this is known to occur, the above advice should be modified accordingly.